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In mathematics, the logarithmto basebis the inverse function of exponentiationwith base b. That means that the logarithm of a number xto the base bis the exponentto which bmust be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 103, the logarithm base 10{\displaystyle 10}of 1000is 3, or log10 (1000) = 3.
ln (r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg (z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg (x + iy) = atan2 (y, x). Log (z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].
The natural logarithm can be defined for any positive real number a as the area under the curve y = 1/x from 1 to a[ 4 ] (with the area being negative when 0 < a < 1). The simplicity of this definition, which is matched in many other formulas involving the natural logarithm, leads to the term "natural".
Stirling's approximation. Appearance. hide. Comparison of Stirling's approximation with the factorial. In mathematics, Stirling's approximation (or Stirling's formula) is an asymptotic approximation for factorials. It is a good approximation, leading to accurate results even for small values of .
All instances of log (x) without a subscript base should be interpreted as a natural logarithm, also commonly written as ln (x) or loge(x). In mathematics, the prime-counting function is the function counting the number of prime numbers less than or equal to some real number x. [1][2] It is denoted by π(x) (unrelated to the number π). The ...
All instances of log (x) without a subscript base should be interpreted as a natural logarithm, also commonly written as ln (x) or loge(x). In mathematics, the prime number theorem (PNT) describes the asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers among the positive integers. It formalizes the intuitive idea that primes become less common as they ...
Euler's constant (sometimes called the Euler–Mascheroni constant) is a mathematical constant, usually denoted by the lowercase Greek letter gamma (γ), defined as the limiting difference between the harmonic series and the natural logarithm, denoted here by log: Here, ⌊·⌋ represents the floor function.
All instances of log (x) without a subscript base should be interpreted as a natural logarithm, also commonly written as ln (x) or loge(x). In number theory, Bertrand's postulate is the theorem that for any integer , there exists at least one prime number with. A less restrictive formulation is: for every , there is always at least one prime ...