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Polar wander is the motion of a pole in relation to some reference frame. It can be used, for example, to measure the degree to which Earth's magnetic poles have been observed to move relative to the Earth's rotation axis.
True polar wander is a solid-body rotation (or reorientation) of a planet or moon with respect to its spin axis, causing the geographic locations of the north and south poles to change, or "wander". In rotational equilibrium, a planetary body has the largest moment of inertia axis aligned with the spin axis, with the smaller two moments of ...
Apparent polar wander (APW) is the perceived movement of the Earth's paleomagnetic poles relative to a continent while regarding the continent being studied as fixed in position. [1] It is frequently displayed on the present latitude-longitude map as a path connecting the locations of geomagnetic poles , inferred at distinct times using ...
Polar motion in arc-seconds as function of time in days (0.1 arcsec ≈ 3 meters). [1] Polar motion of the Earth is the motion of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its crust. [2]: 1 This is measured with respect to a reference frame in which the solid Earth is fixed (a so-called Earth-centered, Earth-fixed or ECEF reference frame). This ...
A characteristic rate of true polar wander is 1° or less per million years. [3] Between approximately 790 and 810 million years ago, when the supercontinent Rodinia existed, two geologically rapid phases of true polar wander may have occurred. In each of these, the magnetic poles of Earth shifted by approximately 55° due to a large shift in ...
A fast-warming Arctic gets some of the blame for the increase in polar vortex stretching or wandering, studies have shown. Delays in Washington, D.C., Baltimore and St. Louis.
An illustration of the polar jet stream and the polar vortex in the layers of atmosphere above the northern hemisphere shows the elongated shape of the vortex on Jan. 16, 2025.
Apparent polar wander paths provided the first clear geophysical evidence for continental drift, while marine magnetic anomalies did the same for seafloor spreading. Paleomagnetic data continues to extend the history of plate tectonics back in time, constraining the ancient position and movement of continents and continental fragments .