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A 2015 review in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews assessed the energy payback time and EROI of a variety of PV module technologies. In this study, which uses an insolation of 1700 kWh/m 2 /yr and a system lifetime of 30 years, mean harmonized EROIs between 8.7 and 34.2 were found. Mean harmonized energy payback time varied from 1.0 to 4 ...
In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was estimated as 8 to 11 years [3] and in 2006 this was estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon PV systems [4] and 1-1.5 years for thin film technologies (S. Europe). [4] Similarly, the energy return on investment (EROI) is to be considered. [5] For wind power, energy payback is ...
Wind turbine design is the process of defining the form and specifications of a wind turbine to extract energy from the wind. [181] A wind turbine installation consists of the necessary systems needed to capture the wind's energy, point the turbine into the wind, convert mechanical rotation into electrical power , and other systems to start ...
Wind turbines also generate noise. At a distance of 300 metres (980 ft) this may be around 45 dB, which is slightly louder than a refrigerator. At 1.5 km (1 mi) distance they become inaudible. [86] [87] There are anecdotal reports of negative health effects on people who live very close to wind turbines. [88]
The WindShare ExPlace wind turbine was erected in December 2002, on the grounds of Exhibition Place, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the first wind turbine installed in a major North American urban city centre. [97] Steel Winds also has a 20 MW urban project south of Buffalo, New York. Both of these projects are in urban locations, but ...
From September 2011 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when R. Brad Martin joined the board, and sold them when he left, you would have a 31.5 percent return on your investment, compared to a 22.6 percent return from the S&P 500.
Therefore, the 'energy payback time (sometimes referred to as energy amortization) can be used instead, which is the time, usually given in years, a plant must operate until the running NEG becomes positive (i.e. until the amount of energy needed for the plant infrastructure has been harvested from the plant).
From November 2010 to December 2012, if you bought shares in companies when Cynthia A. Telles joined the board, and sold them when she left, you would have a -15.7 percent return on your investment, compared to a 19.2 percent return from the S&P 500.