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Reversible errors include, but are not limited to: Judge did not follow the law. seating a juror who has manifested impermissible bias to one party or the other, admitting evidence which should have been excluded under the rules of evidence, excluding evidence which a party was entitled to have admitted, giving an incorrect legal instruction to ...
In maximum parsimony, Dollo parsimony refers to a model whereby a characteristic is gained only one time and can never be regained if it is lost. [8] For example, the evolution and repeated loss of teeth in vertebrates could be well-modeled under Dollo parsimony, whereby teeth made from hydroxyapatite evolved only once at the origin of vertebrates, and were then lost multiple times, in birds ...
Obsessive-compulsive behavior in animals, often called "stereotypy" or "stereotypical behavior" can be defined as a specific, unnecessary action (or series of actions) repeated more often than would normally be expected. It is unknown whether animals are able to 'obsess' in the same way as humans, and because the motivation for compulsive acts ...
Cognitive bias in animals is a pattern of deviation in judgment, whereby inferences about other animals and situations may be affected by irrelevant information or emotional states. [1] It is sometimes said that animals create their own "subjective social reality" from their perception of the input. [ 2 ]
Deception in animals is the voluntary or involuntary transmission of misinformation by one animal to another, of the same or different species, in a way that misleads the other animal. Robert Mitchell identifies four levels of deception in animals.
In latent learning, one changes behavior only when there is sufficient motivation later than when they subconsciously retained the information. [1] Latent learning is when the observation of something, rather than experiencing something directly, can affect later behavior. Observational learning can be many things. A human observes a behavior ...
"The misjudgment was a pretty egregious one," Summers said, citing how the Fed expected for interest rates to remain at zero until 2024: "That was a low point in terms of monetary policy judgement."
The remarkable behavior of large-brained animals such as primates and cetacea have claimed special attention, but all sorts of animals large and small (birds, fish, ants, bees, and others) have been brought into the laboratory or observed in carefully controlled field studies.