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In physics, Hooke's law is an empirical law which states that the force (F) needed to extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with respect to that distance—that is, F s = kx, where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness), and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring.
The first constitutive equation (constitutive law) was developed by Robert Hooke and is known as Hooke's law.It deals with the case of linear elastic materials.Following this discovery, this type of equation, often called a "stress-strain relation" in this example, but also called a "constitutive assumption" or an "equation of state" was commonly used.
Expressed in terms of components with respect to a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system, the governing equations of linear elasticity are: [1]. Equation of motion: , + = where the (), subscript is a shorthand for () / and indicates /, = is the Cauchy stress tensor, is the body force density, is the mass density, and is the displacement.
For example, an invariant with respect to the group of proper orthogonal transformations, called SO(3), is a quantity that remains constant under arbitrary 3D rotations. C {\displaystyle \mathbf {C} } possesses two linear invariants and seven quadratic invariants with respect to SO(3). [ 12 ]
Young's modulus represents the factor of proportionality in Hooke's law, which relates the stress and the strain. However, Hooke's law is only valid under the assumption of an elastic and linear response. Any real material will eventually fail and break when stretched over a very large distance or with a very large force; however, all solid ...
The Unknotting Problem. The simplest version of the Unknotting Problem has been solved, so there’s already some success with this story. Solving the full version of the problem will be an even ...
Illustration of uniform compression. The bulk modulus (or or ) of a substance is a measure of the resistance of a substance to bulk compression.It is defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume.
Hooke's law may be written in terms of tensor components using index notation as = +, where δ ij is the Kronecker delta. The two parameters together constitute a parameterization of the elastic moduli for homogeneous isotropic media, popular in mathematical literature, and are thus related to the other elastic moduli ; for instance, the bulk ...