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A freshwater lens on an island. In hydrology, a lens, also called freshwater lens or Ghyben-Herzberg lens, is a convex-shaped layer of fresh groundwater that floats above the denser saltwater and is usually found on small coral or limestone islands and atolls.
The Ghyben–Herzberg ratio states that, for every meter of fresh water in an unconfined aquifer above sea level, there will be forty meters of fresh water in the aquifer below sea level. In the 20th century the vastly increased computing power available allowed the use of numerical methods (usually finite differences or finite elements ) that ...
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The basic principles behind optical waveguides can be described using the concepts of geometrical or ray optics, as illustrated in the diagram. Light passing into a medium with higher refractive index bends toward the normal by the process of refraction (Figure a.). Take, for example, light passing from air into glass.
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The force of gravity (red), the buoyancy force (green), and the resultant centripetal force (blue) In the following discussion, represents the acceleration due to gravity, represents the angular speed of the liquid's rotation, in radians per second, is the mass of an infinitesimal parcel of liquid material on the surface of the liquid, is the distance of the parcel from the axis of rotation ...
[6] [7] Kirchhoff and Bunsen's analysis also enabled a chemical explanation of stellar spectra, including Fraunhofer lines. [8] When a material is heated to incandescence it emits light that is characteristic of the atomic makeup of the material. Particular light frequencies give rise to sharply defined bands on the scale which can be thought ...
1: Imaging by a lens with chromatic aberration. 2: A lens with less chromatic aberration. In optics, aberration is a property of optical systems, such as lenses and mirrors, that causes the image created by the optical system to not be a faithful reproduction of the object being observed. Aberrations cause the image formed by a lens to be ...