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The Borde–Guth–Vilenkin (BGV) theorem is a theorem in physical cosmology which deduces that any universe that has, on average, been expanding throughout its history cannot be infinite in the past but must have a past spacetime boundary. [1]
In 1982, Paul Steinhardt presented the first model of eternal inflation, Vilenkin showed that eternal inflation is generic. [9] Furthermore, working with Arvind Borde and Alan Guth, he developed the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, showing that a period of inflation must have a beginning and that a period of time must precede it. [10]
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The Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, according to which any universe that has, on average, been expanding throughout its history cannot have been expanding indefinitely but must have had a past boundary at which inflation began. [45] Professor Alexander Vilenkin, one of the authors of the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, writes: [46]
Guth proposed inflation in January 1981 to explain the nonexistence of magnetic monopoles; [51] [52] it was Guth who coined the term "inflation". [53] At the same time, Starobinsky argued that quantum corrections to gravity would replace the supposed initial singularity of the Universe with an exponentially expanding de Sitter phase. [ 54 ]
1 Vilenkin sources. 1 comment. 2 Are philosophy and religion outside of physics. 1 comment. 3 Plain English. 1 comment. 4 New arxiv. 2 comments. Toggle the table of ...
Background Chlorine and caustic soda are produced at chlor-alkali plants using mercury cells or the increasingly popular membrane technology that is mercury free and more energy-
These proposals have been criticized as inconsistent with the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, however their modifications with only one bounce (as opposed to cyclic series of bounces) circumvent this problem (particularly if the contracting phase is empty, i.e. compactified Milne, and (2+1)-dimensional, due to the inherent stabilizing rigidity ...