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[17] Numbers in circles indicate counts of carbon atoms in molecules, C6 is glucose C 6 H 12 O 6, C1 carbon dioxide CO 2. Mitochondrial outer membrane is omitted. According to some newer sources, the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [17], because:
Glycolysis produces only 2 ATP molecules, but somewhere between 30 and 36 ATPs are produced by the oxidative phosphorylation of the 10 NADH and 2 succinate molecules made by converting one molecule of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, [6] while each cycle of beta oxidation of a fatty acid yields about 14 ATPs. These ATP yields are ...
β-oxidation in the peroxisome requires the use of a peroxisomal carnitine acyltransferase (instead of carnitine acyltransferase I and II used by the mitochondria) for transport of the activated acyl group into the mitochondria for further breakdown. The first oxidation step in the peroxisome is catalyzed by the enzyme acyl-CoA oxidase.
In physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction to the environment by a respiratory system. [1]
In contrast to the BC domain, little is known about the reaction mechanism of CT. A proposed mechanism is the release of CO 2 from biotin, which subsequently abstracts a proton from the methyl group from acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The resulting enolate attacks CO 2 to form malonyl-CoA.
These electrons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondria via reduction equivalents to generate ATP. The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the electron transport chain. To circumvent this, malate carries the reducing equivalents across the ...
This cotransporter is an important integral protein in mammalian erythrocytes and moves chloride ion and bicarbonate ion in a one-to-one ratio across the plasma membrane based only on the concentration gradient of the two ions. The AE1 antiporter is essential in the removal of carbon dioxide waste that is converted to bicarbonate inside the ...
Facilitated diffusion in cell membrane, showing ion channels and carrier proteins. Facilitated diffusion (also known as facilitated transport or passive-mediated transport) is the process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins. [1]