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The Tetens equation is an equation to calculate the saturation vapour pressure of water over liquid and ice. It is named after its creator, O. Tetens who was an early German meteorologist. It is named after its creator, O. Tetens who was an early German meteorologist.
The saturation with respect to water cannot be measured much below –50 °C, so manufacturers should use one of the following expressions for calculating saturation vapour pressure relative to water at the lowest temperatures – Wexler (1976, 1977), [1] [2] reported by Flatau et al. (1992)., [3] Hyland and Wexler (1983) or Sonntag (1994 ...
The Köhler curve is the visual representation of the Köhler equation. It shows the saturation ratio – or the supersaturation = % – at which the droplet is in equilibrium with the environment over a range of droplet diameters. The exact shape of the curve is dependent upon the amount and composition of the solutes present in the atmosphere.
In the case of an equilibrium solid, such as a crystal, this can be defined as the pressure when the rate of sublimation of a solid matches the rate of deposition of its vapor phase. For most solids this pressure is very low, but some notable exceptions are naphthalene , dry ice (the vapor pressure of dry ice is 5.73 MPa (831 psi, 56.5 atm) at ...
The above expression for vapor quality can be expressed as: = where is equal to either specific enthalpy, specific entropy, specific volume or specific internal energy, is the value of the specific property of saturated liquid state and is the value of the specific property of the substance in dome zone, which we can find both liquid and vapor .
They can be used to calculate mixed ion activity coefficients and water activities in solutions of high ionic strength for which the Debye–Hückel theory is no longer adequate. They are more rigorous than the equations of specific ion interaction theory (SIT theory), but Pitzer parameters are more difficult to determine experimentally than ...
Ice, water, and water vapour can coexist at the triple point, which is exactly 273.16 K (0.01 °C) at a pressure of 611.657 Pa. [14] [15] The kelvin was defined as 1 / 273.16 of the difference between this triple point and absolute zero, [16] though this definition changed in May 2019. [17] Unlike most other solids, ice is difficult to ...
In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice I h. [3] For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes mis-attributed and referred to as "Pauling's ice rules" (not to be confused with Pauling's rules for ionic crystals). A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in ...