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A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science.
Venn diagram showing the union of sets A and B as everything not in white. In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, the inclusion–exclusion principle is a counting technique which generalizes the familiar method of obtaining the number of elements in the union of two finite sets; symbolically expressed as
Euler diagram. An Euler diagram (/ ˈɔɪlər /, OY-lər) is a diagrammatic means of representing sets and their relationships. They are particularly useful for explaining complex hierarchies and overlapping definitions. They are similar to another set diagramming technique, Venn diagrams.
In this case, if the choice of U is clear from the context, the notation A c is sometimes used instead of U \ A, particularly if U is a universal set as in the study of Venn diagrams. Symmetric difference of sets A and B, denoted A B or A ⊖ B, is the set of all objects that are a member of exactly one of A and B (elements which are in one of ...
Existential generalization / instantiation. In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, [1][2][3] also known as De Morgan's theorem, [4] are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference. They are named after Augustus De Morgan, a 19th-century British mathematician.
Set theory. Statement. The intersection of A and B is the set A ∩ B of elements that lie in both set A and set B . Symbolic statement. A ∩ B = {x: x ∈ A and x ∈ B} In set theory, the intersection of two sets and denoted by 1 is the set containing all elements of that also belong to or equivalently, all elements of that also belong to 2.
In mathematics, the symmetric difference of two sets, also known as the disjunctive union and set sum, is the set of elements which are in either of the sets, but not in their intersection. For example, the symmetric difference of the sets and is . The symmetric difference of the sets A and B is commonly denoted by (alternatively, ), , or .
In mathematics, an equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. The equipollence relation between line segments in geometry is a common example of an equivalence relation. A simpler example is equality. Any number is equal to itself (reflexive). If , then (symmetric).