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A gender quota is a quota used by countries and parties to increase women's representation or substantive equality based on gender in legislatures. [1] Women are largely underrepresented in parliaments and account for a 26.9% average in parliaments globally. [2] As of November 2021, gender quotas have been adopted in 132 countries. [3]
The zipper system, also known as "vertical parity" or the "zebra system", [1] [2] is an electoral mechanism intended to enforce gender parity in countries using party-list proportional representation with closed lists.
The gender quotas implemented across parties in Germany in the 1990s serve as a natural experiment for the effect of sub-national party political gender quotas on women participation. Davidson-Schmich (2006) notes, "the German case provides the variance needed to explain the successful (or failed) implementation of these political party quotas ...
Latin American political parties' gender policies for candidates often have a relationship to their respective countries' legalized gender quotas for governing bodies. Fourteen Latin American countries have such a quota for their legislatures; these countries consist of Argentina , Bolivia , Brazil , Colombia , Costa Rica , Dominican Republic ...
In a complaint filed in St. Louis federal court, Missouri accused Starbucks of tying executive pay to the company's achieving racial and gender-based hiring quotas.
In 2009, Krook published the book Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide, which studied why the adoption of gender quotas for women in government in more than 100 countries had not resulted in a universal increase in the representation of women. [2]
The election makes this the time to keep sports safe for women and pass the 'Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act.' It would preserve Title IX safeguards for female athletes.
In his public bid to become the next defense secretary, former Fox News personality Pete Hegseth told a Senate panel on Tuesday that he supports women serving in combat roles so long as they meet ...