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Sustained higher levels of blood sugar cause damage to the blood vessels and to the organs they supply, leading to the complications of diabetes. [48] Chronic hyperglycemia can be measured via the HbA1c test. The definition of acute hyperglycemia varies by study, with mmol/L levels from 8 to 15 (mg/dL levels from 144 to 270). [49]
Chronic hyperglycemia due to any cause can eventually cause blood vessel damage and the microvascular complications of diabetes. The principal treatment goals for people with MODY — keeping the blood sugars as close to normal as possible ("good glycemic control "), while minimizing other vascular risk factors — are the same for all known ...
Acute complications are complications that develop rapidly and can be exemplified as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), lactic acidosis (LA), and hypoglycemia. [1] Chronic complications develop over time and are generally classified in two categories: microvascular and macrovascular.
Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. [ 10 ] [ 26 ] This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations ...
MODY 2 or GCK-MODY is a form of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. [1] It is due to any of several mutations in the GCK gene on human chromosome 7 for glucokinase. [2] Glucokinase serves as the glucose sensor for the pancreatic beta cell. Normal glucokinase triggers insulin secretion as the glucose exceeds about 90 mg/dl (5 mM).
Much evidence suggests that many of the long-term complications of diabetes, result from many years of hyperglycemia (elevated levels of glucose in the blood). [11] "Perfect glycemic control" would mean that glucose levels were always normal (70–130 mg/dL or 3.9–7.2 mmol/L) and indistinguishable from a person without diabetes.
The same complications that occur for other types of diabetics (type 1 and type 2) may occur for type 3c diabetics. These include retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Patients with this condition are advised to follow the same risk-reduction guidelines as the other diabetics do and keep blood sugars as normal as ...
[4] [5] Symptoms include signs of dehydration, weakness, leg cramps, vision problems, and an altered level of consciousness. [2] Onset is typically over days to weeks. [3] Complications may include seizures, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, mesenteric artery occlusion, or rhabdomyolysis. [2]
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