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The δ 13 C of C3 plants depends on the relationship between stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, which is a good proxy of water use efficiency in the leaf. [19] C3 plants with high water-use efficiency tend to be less fractionated in 13 C (i.e., δ 13 C is relatively less negative) compared to C3 plants with low water-use efficiency. [19]
This material had an anomalously high 13 C: 12 C ratio (0.0112372 [4]), and was established as δ 13 C value of zero. Since the original PDB specimen is no longer available, its 13 C: 12 C ratio can be back-calculated from a widely measured carbonate standard NBS-19, which has a δ 13 C value of +1.95‰. [ 5 ]
Bulk carbon-13 for commercial use, e.g. in chemical synthesis, is enriched from its natural 1% abundance. Although carbon-13 can be separated from the major carbon-12 isotope via techniques such as thermal diffusion, chemical exchange, gas diffusion, and laser and cryogenic distillation, currently only cryogenic distillation of methane (boiling point −161.5°C) or carbon monoxide (b.p. − ...
Similarly, marine fish contain more 13 C than freshwater fish, with values approximating the C 4 and C 3 plants respectively. The ratio of carbon-13 and carbon-12 isotopes in these types of plants is as follows: [11] C 4 plants: −16‰ to −10‰ CAM plants: −20‰ to −10‰ C 3 plants: −33‰ to −24‰
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[13] The δ 13 C value for animals depends on their diet. An animal that eats food with high δ 13 C values will have a higher δ 13 C than one that eats food with lower δ 13 C values. [9] The animal's own biochemical processes can also affect the results: for example, both bone minerals and bone collagen typically have a higher concentration ...
C 3 carbon fixation is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, the other two being C 4 and CAM. This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction: CO 2 + H 2 O + RuBP → (2) 3-phosphoglycerate
C 13 H 8 Br 3 NO 2: tribromsalan: 87-10-5 C 13 H 8 F 2 O 3: diflusinal: 22494-42-4 C 13 H 8 N 2 O 3 S: nitroscanate: 19881-18-6 C 13 H 8 OS: thioxanthone: 492-22-8 C 13 H 8 O 2: xanthone: 90-47-1 C 13 H 9: fluorenyl radical: 2299-68-5 C 13 H 9 Cl 2 NO 4: chlomethoxyfen: 32861-85-1 C 13 H 9 F 3 N 2 O 2: niflumic acid: 4394-00-7 C 13 H 9 N ...