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  2. Topography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography

    Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the landforms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief , but also natural ...

  3. Bathymetric chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathymetric_chart

    Thus the topographic map's mountains have the greatest values while the bathymetric chart's greatest depths have the greatest values. Simply put, the bathymetric chart is intended to show the land if overlying waters were removed in exactly the same manner as the topographic map.

  4. Basin and range topography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_and_range_topography

    Basin and range topography is characterized by alternating parallel mountain ranges and valleys. It is a result of crustal extension due to mantle upwelling , gravitational collapse, crustal thickening, or relaxation of confining stresses.

  5. Topographic map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_map

    Sergeant Chris D. Washington checking his Topographic map during a morning deer hunt in Kilgore, Texas A topographic map of Stowe, Vermont with contour lines Part of the same map in a perspective shaded relief view illustrating how the contour lines follow the terrain Sheet #535 (2013 version; second digital edition) of MTN50 Spanish National Topographic map series, covering Algete town (near ...

  6. Glossary of geography terms (A–M) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms...

    A topographic map of Ngorongoro Crater in northern Tanzania, the world's largest inactive, intact, and unfilled volcanic caldera, which formed when an immense volcano erupted and collapsed on itself 2–3 million years ago. The floor of the caldera is 600 metres (2,000 ft) below its rim and covers more than 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi).

  7. Terrain - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain

    The relief of a landscape can change with the size of the area over which it is measured, making the definition of the scale over which it is measured very important. Because it is related to the slope of surfaces within the area of interest and to the gradient of any streams present, the relief of a landscape is a useful metric in the study of ...

  8. Surface anatomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_anatomy

    Surface projections of the major organs of the trunk, using the vertebral column and rib cage as main reference points of surface anatomy.. Surface anatomy (also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of the external features of the body of an animal. [1]

  9. Soil formation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_formation

    The topography, or relief, is characterized by the inclination , elevation, and orientation of the terrain . Topography determines the rate of precipitation or runoff and the rate of formation or erosion of the surface soil profile. The topographical setting may either hasten or retard the work of climatic forces. [60]