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Trains typically rate much lower than automobiles. The highest grade a vehicle can ascend while maintaining a particular speed is sometimes termed that vehicle's "gradeability" (or, less often, "grade ability"). The lateral slopes of a highway geometry are sometimes called fills or cuts where these techniques have been used to create them.
Signed binary angle measurement. Black is traditional degrees representation, green is a BAM as a decimal number and red is hexadecimal 32-bit BAM. In this figure the 32-bit binary integers are interpreted as signed binary fixed-point values with scaling factor 2 −31, representing fractions between −1.0 (inclusive) and +1.0 (exclusive).
[18] [19] Today, the degree, 1 / 360 of a turn, or the mathematically more convenient radian, 1 / 2 π of a turn (used in the SI system of units) is generally used instead. In the 1970s – 1990s, most scientific calculators offered the gon (gradian), as well as radians and degrees, for their trigonometric functions . [ 23 ]
square degree: deg 2; sq.deg.; (°) 2: ≡ (π ⁄ 180) 2 sr: ≈ 0.304 62 × 10 −3 sr: steradian (SI unit) sr The solid angle subtended at the center of a sphere of radius r by a portion of the sphere having an area r 2. A sphere subtends 4π sr. [16] = 1 sr
A simple way to calculate the mean of a series of angles (in the interval [0°, 360°)) is to calculate the mean of the cosines and sines of each angle, and obtain the angle by calculating the inverse tangent. Consider the following three angles as an example: 10, 20, and 30 degrees.
In statistics and uncertainty analysis, the Welch–Satterthwaite equation is used to calculate an approximation to the effective degrees of freedom of a linear combination of independent sample variances, also known as the pooled degrees of freedom, [1] [2] corresponding to the pooled variance.
Modern scientific calculators generally have many more capabilities than the original four- or five-function calculator, and the capabilities differ between manufacturers and models. The capabilities of a modern scientific calculator include: Scientific notation; Floating-point decimal arithmetic; Logarithmic functions, using both base 10 and ...
In statistics, DFFIT and DFFITS ("difference in fit(s)") are diagnostics meant to show how influential a point is in a linear regression, first proposed in 1980. [ 1 ] DFFIT is the change in the predicted value for a point, obtained when that point is left out of the regression: