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A ledger [1] is a book or collection of accounts in which accounting transactions are recorded. Each account has: an opening or brought-forward balance; a list of transactions, each recorded as either a debit or credit in separate columns (usually with a counter-entry on another page) and an ending or closing, or carry-forward, balance.
Deferred tax liabilities can arise as a result of corporate taxation treatment of capital expenditure being more rapid than the accounting depreciation treatment. Deferred tax assets can arise due to net loss carry-overs, which are only recorded as asset if it is deemed more likely than not that the asset will be used in future fiscal periods.
In accounting, the retained earnings at the end of one accounting period are the opening retained earnings in the next period, to which is added the net income or net loss for that period and from which is deducted the bonus shares issued in the year and dividends paid in that period.
Prior to passage of the 2017 Act, NOLs could be carried back to the two tax years before the NOL year. For example, the tax loss from 2015 could be carried back to 2013 or 2014. Any remaining amount could be carried forward for up to 20 years. The taxpayer could elect to waive the carryback and therefore carry all of the loss to future years.
A standard method to do this is the Last-Observation-Carried-Forward (LOCF) method. The LOCF method allows for the analysis of the data. However, recent research shows that this method gives a biased estimate of the treatment effect and underestimates the variability of the estimated result.
Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the process of recording and processing information about economic entities, such as businesses and corporations. [1] [2] Accounting measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of stakeholders, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators. [3]
Pacioli is regarded as the Father of Accounting. Bookkeeping is the recording of financial transactions, and is part of the process of accounting in business and other organizations. [1] It involves preparing source documents for all transactions, operations, and other events of a business.
Any derivative instrument that is not a contingent claim is called a forward commitment. [ 3 ] The prototypical contingent claim is an option , [ 1 ] the right to buy or sell the underlying asset at a specified exercise price by a certain expiration date; whereas ( vanilla ) swaps , forwards , and futures are forward commitments, since these ...