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For example, the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, which means that we must “inquire into a prison official’s state of mind […]” when determining that the agent is not taking pleasure in inflicting pain and that punishment does not exceed the crime.
An even broader definition was used in the 1975 Declaration of Tokyo regarding the participation of medical professionals in acts of torture: [4]. For the purpose of this Declaration, torture is defined as the deliberate, systematic or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering by one or more persons acting alone or on the orders of any authority, to force another person to yield ...
Machiavelli in the robes of a Florentine public official. Virtù is a concept theorized by Niccolò Machiavelli, centered on the martial spirit and ability of a population or leader, [1] but also encompassing a broader collection of traits necessary for maintenance of the state and "the achievement of great things."
A contemporary definition of psychological torture are those processes that "involve attacking or manipulating the inputs and processes of the conscious mind that allow the person to stay oriented in the surrounding world, retain control and have the adequate conditions to judge, understand and freely make decisions which are the essential ...
A moral injury is an injury to an individual's moral conscience and values resulting from an act of perceived moral transgression on the part of themselves or others. [1] It produces profound feelings of guilt or shame, [1] moral disorientation, and societal alienation. [2]
In Greek mythology, Poena or Poine (Ancient Greek: Ποινή, romanized: Poinḗ, lit. 'recompense, punishment') is the spirit of punishment [1] and the attendant of punishment to Nemesis, [2] the goddess of divine retribution.
Most pain resolves once the noxious stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but it may persist despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body. Sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease. [3] Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries.
Sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair are duḥkha; Association with the unbeloved is duḥkha; separation from the loved is duḥkha; Not getting what is wanted is duḥkha. In conclusion, the five clinging-aggregates are duḥkha.