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Scramble for Africa: Africa in the years 1880 and 1913, just before the First World War. The Scramble for Africa between 1870 and 1914 was a significant period of European imperialism in Africa that ended with almost all of Africa, and its natural resources, claimed as colonies by European powers, who raced to secure as much land as possible while avoiding conflict amongst themselves.
The Scramble for Africa [a] was the conquest and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the late 19th century and early 20th century in the era of "New Imperialism": Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Spain.
Imperialism in East Africa (2 vol 1981) online; Olson, James S., ed. Historical Dictionary of the British Empire (1996) Online; Olson, James S., ed. Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism (1991) online Archived 21 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine; Pakenham, Thomas (1992).
These include the decolonization of Africa, the breakup of the Spanish Empire in the 19th century; of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires following World War I; of the British, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Belgian, Italian, and Japanese Empires following World War II; and of the Soviet Union at the end of the Cold War. [17]
The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society (2007) covers 1919–1939; Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. French West Africa (Stanford UP, 1958). Wellington, Donald C. French East India companies: A historical account and record of trade (Hamilton Books, 2006) Wesseling, H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans.
The third wave ("New Imperialism") consisted of the Scramble for Africa regulated by the terms of the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885. The conference effectively divided Africa among the European powers. Vast regions of Africa came under the sway of Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy and Spain. [9] [10]
Imperialism is the maintaining and extending of power over foreign nations, ... The Pan-African movement helped with the eventual end of Colonialism in Africa.
A General Political Statement was created at 6PAC which called for an end to all forms of colonialism, including neocolonialism. [150] The statement also called for a unification of African people to work towards socialism throughout Africa to end oppression. [150] It explicitly called out all kinds of racism and nationalism. [151]