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  2. Limit (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the argument (or index) approaches some value. [1] Limits of functions are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals.

  3. Derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative

    In mathematics, the derivative is a fundamental tool that quantifies the sensitivity of change of a function's output with respect to its input. The derivative of a function of a single variable at a chosen input value, when it exists, is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that point.

  4. Limit of a function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_of_a_function

    The definition of limit given here does not depend on how (or whether) f is defined at p. Bartle [9] refers to this as a deleted limit, because it excludes the value of f at p. The corresponding non-deleted limit does depend on the value of f at p, if p is in the domain of f. Let : be a real-valued function.

  5. Differential calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_calculus

    Calculus is of vital importance in physics: many physical processes are described by equations involving derivatives, called differential equations. Physics is particularly concerned with the way quantities change and develop over time, and the concept of the " time derivative " — the rate of change over time — is essential for the precise ...

  6. Differentiation rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules

    The derivatives in the table above are for when the range of the inverse secant is [,] and when the range of the inverse cosecant is [,]. It is common to additionally define an inverse tangent function with two arguments , arctan ⁡ ( y , x ) . {\displaystyle \arctan(y,x).}

  7. Multivariable calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariable_calculus

    The consequence of the first difference is the difference in the definition of the limit and differentiation. Directional limits and derivatives define the limit and differential along a 1D parametrized curve, reducing the problem to the 1D case. Further higher-dimensional objects can be constructed from these operators.

  8. Calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus

    The tangent line is a limit of secant lines just as the derivative is a limit of difference quotients. For this reason, the derivative is sometimes called the slope of the function f. [48]: 61–63 Here is a particular example, the derivative of the squaring function at the input 3. Let f(x) = x 2 be the squaring function.

  9. Second derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_derivative

    The second derivative of a function f can be used to determine the concavity of the graph of f. [2] A function whose second derivative is positive is said to be concave up (also referred to as convex), meaning that the tangent line near the point where it touches the function will lie below the graph of the function.