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The Iberian Union (1580–1640), a 60-year dynastic union between Portugal and Spain, interrupted the alliance.The struggle of Elizabeth I of England against Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century meant that Portugal and England were on opposite sides of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Dutch–Portuguese War.
Monument in Coimbra, Portugal, to the Portuguese soldiers who died in World War I. The Kingdom of Portugal had been allied with England since 1373, and thus the Republic of Portugal was an ally of the United Kingdom. However, Portugal remained neutral from the start of World War I in 1914 until early 1916.
The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and the enemies of Spain became the enemies of Portugal. England had been an ally of Portugal since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386, but war between Spain and England led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally and the loss of Hormuz in 1622.
Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and diplomacy in economic maritime conflict (IB Tauris, 2010) Richards, D.S. Peninsula Years: Britain's Red Coats in Spain and Portugal (2002) Shaw, Luci M.E. The Anglo-Portuguese alliance and the English merchants in Portugal, 1654–1810 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998)
Kingdom of Portugal France England: Crown of Spain: Victory. Treaty of Lisbon; Charles II of Spain recognizes the sovereignty of the House of Braganza over Portugal and its colonial possessions; 1652 1654 First Anglo-Dutch War Commonwealth of England Dutch Republic: Victory. Treaty of Westminster. 1654 1660 Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 was signed on 16 June 1373 [2] between King Edward III of England and King Ferdinand I and Queen Leonor of Portugal. It established a treaty of "perpetual friendships, unions [and] alliances" between the two seafaring states. [3] [4] [5] It is the oldest enduring treaty in effect to this day.
Britain intervened in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government there and recognising the independence of Spain's American colonies in 1824. [48] British merchants and financiers, and later railway builders, played major roles in the economies of most Latin American nations. [ 49 ]
Cyprus became an independent republic in 1959 with Britain retaining control of two Sovereign Base Areas, at Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Suez Crisis (1956–1957) United Kingdom. France Israel. Egypt: Inconclusive or other outcome. Coalition military victory [48] [49] [50] Egyptian political victory [48]