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The Kingdom of Portugal had been allied with England since 1373, and thus the Republic of Portugal was an ally of the United Kingdom. However, Portugal remained neutral from the start of World War I in 1914 until early 1916. In that time there were many hostile engagements with Germany.
The Iberian Union (1580–1640), a 60-year dynastic union between Portugal and Spain, interrupted the alliance.The struggle of Elizabeth I of England against Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century meant that Portugal and England were on opposite sides of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and the Dutch–Portuguese War.
The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 was signed on 16 June 1373 [2] between King Edward III of England and King Ferdinand I and Queen Leonor of Portugal. It established a treaty of "perpetual friendships, unions [and] alliances" between the two seafaring states, and remains the longest-standing treaty still in effect today. [3] [4] [5]
Britain, Portugal and South America in the Napoleonic Wars: Alliances and diplomacy in economic maritime conflict (IB Tauris, 2010) Richards, D.S. Peninsula Years: Britain's Red Coats in Spain and Portugal (2002) Shaw, Luci M.E. The Anglo-Portuguese alliance and the English merchants in Portugal, 1654–1810 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998)
Culturally, the Victorian era was a time of prosperity and dominant middle-class virtues when Britain dominated the world economy and maintained a generally peaceful century from 1815 to 1914. The First World War , with Britain in alliance with France, Russia and the United States, was a furious but ultimately successful total war with Germany .
The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and the enemies of Spain became the enemies of Portugal. England had been an ally of Portugal since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386, but war between Spain and England led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally and the loss of Hormuz in 1622.
Kingdom of Portugal France England: Crown of Spain: Victory. Treaty of Lisbon; Charles II of Spain recognizes the sovereignty of the House of Braganza over Portugal and its colonial possessions; 1652 1654 First Anglo-Dutch War Commonwealth of England Dutch Republic: Victory. Treaty of Westminster. 1654 1660 Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
Cyprus became an independent republic in 1959 with Britain retaining control of two Sovereign Base Areas, at Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Suez Crisis (1956–1957) United Kingdom. France Israel. Egypt: Inconclusive or other outcome. Coalition military victory [48] [49] [50] Egyptian political victory [48]