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An example of the Landolt C eye chart (also known as the Japanese eye chart.). Numerous types of eye charts exist and are used in various situations. For example, the Snellen chart is designed for use at 6 meters or 20 feet, and is thus appropriate for testing distance vision, while the ETDRS chart is designed for use at 4 meters. [16]
Landolt C optotypes in various sizes and orientations Golovin–Sivtsev table. The Landolt C, also known as a Landolt ring, Landolt broken ring, or Japanese vision test, is an optotype: a standardized symbol used for testing vision.
J. Paul Getty, one of the twelve famous people George Ohsawa claimed were suffering from sanpaku because of visible sclerae under their irises. [1]Sanpaku gan (三白眼; Chinese: 三白眼; pinyin: Sānbáiyǎn) or sanpaku (三白) is a Japanese term meaning "three whites", most often used in English to refer to a folk belief according to which the visibility of the sclera above or under the ...
A number of tests are used during eye examinations to determine the presence of astigmatism and to quantify its amount and axis. A Snellen chart or other eye charts may initially reveal reduced visual acuity. A keratometer may be used to measure the curvature of the steepest and flattest meridians in the cornea's front surface. [23]
Sloan letters, designed by Louise Sloan in 1959, are a set of optotypes used to test visual acuity generally used in Snellen charts and logMAR charts. This set of optotypes consists of ten specially formed "letters", C, D, H, K, N, O, R, S, V and Z. [ 1 ] These letters, unlike the ones used in older Snellen charts, are designed to give acuity ...
The Ishihara test is a color vision test for detection of red–green color deficiencies.It was named after its designer, Shinobu Ishihara, a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his tests in 1917.
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Eye examination for visual acuity The LogMAR – ETDRS Chart, designed in 1976, to test for visual acuity. Visual acuity is a measure of the spatial resolution of the visual processing system.