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  2. Soap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap

    Recipes for soap-making are described by Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (c. 865–925), who also gave a recipe for producing glycerine from olive oil. In the Middle East, soap was produced from the interaction of fatty oils and fats with alkali. In Syria, soap was produced using olive oil together with alkali and lime. Soap was exported from ...

  3. Saponification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponification

    Saponification in oil paintings was described as early as 1912. [ 10 ] : 151 It is believed to be widespread, having been observed in many works dating from the fifteenth through the twentieth centuries; works of different geographic origin; and works painted on various supports, such as canvas, paper, wood, and copper.

  4. African black soap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_black_soap

    Next, water and various oils and fats, such as coconut oil, palm oil, and shea butter, are added to the ash. The mixture is cooked and hand-stirred for at least 24 hours. After the soap solidifies, it is scooped out and set out to cure. [19] [20] [21] A type of black soap known as ose-dudu originated with the Yoruba people of Nigeria.

  5. Oleochemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleochemistry

    As the price of crude oil rose in the late 1970s, [2] manufacturers switched from petrochemicals to oleochemicals [3] because plant-based lauric oils processed from palm kernel oil were cheaper. Since then, palm kernel oil is predominantly used in the production of laundry detergent and personal care items like toothpaste, soap bars, shower ...

  6. Fatty acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid

    Fatty acids are mainly used in the production of soap, both for cosmetic purposes and, in the case of metallic soaps, as lubricants. Fatty acids are also converted, via their methyl esters, to fatty alcohols and fatty amines , which are precursors to surfactants, detergents, and lubricants. [ 17 ]

  7. Shea butter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_butter

    It is ivory in color when raw and commonly dyed yellow with borututu root or palm oil. It is widely used in cosmetics as a moisturizer or lotion. It is edible and is used in food preparation in some African countries. [3] It is occasionally mixed with other oils as a substitute for cocoa butter, although the taste is noticeably different. [4] [5]

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