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Most claimed Proto-Bantu is either confined to particular subgroups, or is widely attested outside Bantu proper." [ 6 ] According to this hypothesis, Bantu is actually a polyphyletic group that combines a number of smaller language families which ultimately belong to the (much larger) Southern Bantoid language family .
The Bantu languages descend from a common Proto-Bantu language, which is believed to have been spoken in what is now Cameroon in Central Africa. [21] An estimated 2,500–3,000 years ago (1000 BC to 500 BC), speakers of the Proto-Bantu language began a series of migrations eastward and southward, carrying agriculture with them.
Bantu languages use different combinations of the approximately 24 different Proto-Bantu noun classes. [2] The language with the highest number of documented noun classes is Ganda, which utilizes 21 of the 24 noun classes. [2] This ranges all the way to zero, which is the case in Komo D23, whose noun class system has faded out over time. [2]
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... Below is a partial list of proto-languages that have been reconstructed, ... Proto-Omotic; Proto-Niger–Congo. Proto-Bantu ...
For example, Proto-Bantu class 10 contains plurals of class 9 nouns and class 11 nouns, while class 6 contains plurals of class 5 nouns and class 15 nouns. Classes 6 and 10 are inherited as polyplural classes by most surviving Bantu languages, but many languages have developed new polyplural classes that are not widely shared by other languages.
In many other Bantu languages, including Setswana, [10] this class is productive, but this is no longer the case in Sesotho. The class prefix is ho-[11] and comes from original Proto-Bantu *ku- (denoting remote positions). It uses exactly the same concords as those of class 15.
The magnum opus of Guthrie is Comparative Bantu, which appeared in 4 volumes published in 1967 (volume 1), 1970 (volumes 3 and 4), and 1971 (volume 2). The 4 volumes provide not only a genetic classification but also a reconstruction of Proto-Bantu as the Proto-language of the Bantu language family. For his reconstruction, Guthrie drew data ...
The suffix is -isa (Proto-Bantu long causative *-îc-+ short causative *-î-⇒ *-îcî-). The following rules apply when forming the causative. Most complications are caused by the original Proto-Bantu "short causative" *-î-being absorbed into the preceding consonant (Sesotho does not allow palatal glides): Usually one simply suffixes -isa