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High-frequency direction finding, usually known by its abbreviation HF/DF or nickname huff-duff, is a type of radio direction finder (RDF) introduced in World War II. High frequency (HF) refers to a radio band that can effectively communicate over long distances; for example, between U-boats and their land-based headquarters.
World War II US Navy high frequency radio direction finder. One form of radio direction finding works by comparing the signal strength of a directional antenna pointing in different directions. At first, this system was used by land and marine-based radio operators, using a simple rotatable loop antenna linked to a degree indicator.
The German Radio Intelligence Operation were signals intelligence operations that were undertaken by German Axis forces in Europe during World War II.In keeping with German signals practice since 1942, the term "communication intelligence" (German: Nachrichtenaufklärung) had been used when intercept units were assigned to observe both enemy "radio and wire" communication.
In the UK, it was called RDF, Range and Direction Finding, while in Germany the name Funkmeß (radio-measuring) was used, with apparatuses called Funkmessgerät (radio measuring device). By the time of the Battle of Britain in mid-1940, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had fully integrated RDF as part of the national air defence.
Around 4000 people were involved in radio intelligence during the period of World War II. The stations themselves were in remote coastal locations for maximum security and freedom from interference by other electro-magnetic sources. For successful direction finding, a minimum intercept angle of 15° between two bearing bases was necessary.
Navigation and direction finding [ edit ] Peilgerät (PeilG) 6 : Codenamed "Alex Sniatkowski", this was a long and medium range D/F set and homing device used mainly on bombers: Ar 234 , Do 217 , Ju 87 , Ju 88A-4 on , Ju 188 , Ju 290 , Ju 388 ; the He 177 A heavy bombers (Germany's only "heavy bomber" design in service), and both the He 219 A ...
The Lorenz beam and its two lobes. The "equisignal" area in the centre grows narrower, and more accurate, as the aircraft approaches the runway. Before the start of the war on 1 September 1939, Lufthansa and the German aircraft industry invested heavily in the development of commercial aviation, and in systems and methods that would improve safety and reliability.
From the earliest days of radio technology, signals had been used for navigation using the radio direction finding (RDF) technique. RDF can determine the bearing to a radio transmitter, and several such measurements can be combined to produce a radio fix, allowing the receiver's position to be calculated. [5]