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A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition. Also called molecular marker and signature molecule." [18] In cancer research and medicine, biomarkers are used in three primary ways: [19] To help diagnose conditions, as in the case of identifying early stage cancers (diagnostic)
Cancer gene therapy was introduced in 1992/93 (Trojan et al. 1993). [167] The treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, the malignant brain tumor whose outcome is always fatal, was done using a vector expressing antisense IGF-I RNA (clinical trial approved by NIH protocol no.1602 24 November 1993, [168] and by the FDA in 1994). This therapy also ...
By selectively targeting caPCNA, it may be possible to kill cancer cells without affecting healthy tissues. [5] In vitro testing demonstrated that AOH1996 inhibited the growth and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in a wide variety of cancer cell lines, but had no effect on several normal, nonmalignant cell types.
ALT is usually found only in the liver. AST is most commonly found in the liver, but also in significant amounts in heart and skeletal muscle. [citation needed] Measurement of ALT and AST were used in diagnosing heart attacks, although they have been replaced by newer enzyme and protein tests that are more specific for cardiac damage.
Medical research for cancer begins much like research for any disease. In organized studies of new treatments for cancer, the pre-clinical development of drugs, devices, and techniques begins in laboratories, either with isolated cells or in small animals, most commonly rats or mice. In other cases, the proposed treatment for cancer is already ...
About 5% to 10% of female breast cancer patients have a BRCA mutation, according to the American Cancer Society. When breast cancer is diagnosed early, the five-year relative survival rate is over ...
This is due to increased synthesis from the placenta as well as increased synthesis in the liver induced by large amounts of estrogens. [11] [12] [13] Levels in the third trimester can be as much as 2-fold greater than in non-pregnant women. [11] As a result, ALP is not a reliable marker of hepatic function in pregnant women. [11]
Aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase, also known as AspAT/ASAT/AAT or (serum) glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, SGOT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.1) that was first described by Arthur Karmen and colleagues in 1954.