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Direct normal irradiance (DNI), or beam radiation, is measured at the surface of the Earth at a given location with a surface element perpendicular to the Sun direction. [ 6 ] [ failed verification ] It excludes diffuse solar radiation (radiation that is scattered or reflected by atmospheric components).
Direct normal irradiance spectra calculated with SMARTS 2.9.5 for increasing air mass (0 to 10), using the same atmospheric conditions as the ASTM G173 standard. Air mass 0 corresponds to the extraterrestrial spectrum, [1] marked as Top of Atmosphere (TOA).
The global irradiance on a horizontal surface on Earth consists of the direct irradiance E e,dir and diffuse irradiance E e,diff. On a tilted plane, there is another irradiance component, E e,refl, which is the component that is reflected from the ground. The average ground reflection is about 20% of the global irradiance.
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Direct neural interface, a brain-computer interface; Direct normal irradiance, a measure of the solar irradiance striking a surface held normal to the line of sight to the sun; Direct normal insolation, also known as direct insolation, a measure of the solar irradiance striking a surface held normal to line of sight to the sun
DNI Meaning. These days, we have plenty of forms of communication—from phones, computers, social media and more. This has led to plenty of ways to communicate as well, like using shorthand and ...
Direct insolation is equal to the solar irradiance above the atmosphere minus the atmospheric losses due to absorption and scattering. While the solar irradiance above the atmosphere varies with the Earth–Sun distance and solar cycles , the losses depend on the time of day (length of light's path through the atmosphere depending on the solar ...
Since 1978, solar irradiance has been directly measured by satellites with very good accuracy. [11]: 6 These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance fluctuates by +-0.1% over the ~11 years of the solar cycle, but that its average value has been stable since the measurements started in 1978.