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The Jefferson/D'Hondt method favors larger parties while the Webster/Sainte-Laguë method doesn't. [9] The Webster/Sainte-Laguë method is generally seen as more proportional, but risks an outcome where a party with more than half the votes can win fewer than half the seats. [31] When there are two parties, the Webster method is the unique ...
Allocation of seats by state, as percentage of overall number of representatives in the House, 1789–2020 census. United States congressional apportionment is the process [1] by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are distributed among the 50 states according to the most recent decennial census mandated by the United States Constitution.
The Sainte-Laguë or Webster method, first described in 1832 by American statesman and senator Daniel Webster and later independently in 1910 by the French mathematician André Sainte-Lague, uses the fencepost sequence post(k) = k+.5 (i.e. 0.5, 1.5, 2.5); this corresponds to the standard rounding rule. Equivalently, the odd integers (1, 3, 5 ...
Apportionment methods for party-list proportional representation include: Sainte-Laguë method – optimal seats-to-votes ratio [2] Hare quota – optimal seats-to-votes ratio [2] and higher apportionment paradoxes [3] D'Hondt method – higher seats-to-votes ratio for larger parties [4] Droop quota; Imperiali quota; Huntington–Hill method
Adams's method is the unique merge-proof divisor method; Webster's method is neither split-proof nor merge-proof, but it is "coalition neutral": when votes are distributed randomly (with uniform remainders), a coalition is equally likely to gain a seat or to lose a seat. [7]: Prop.9.4
It is of note that any method of apportionment free of the Population Paradox will always be free of Alabama Paradox. The converse is not true, however. Webster's method can be free of incoherence and maintain quota when there are three states. All sensible methods satisfy both criteria in the trivial two-state case. [4] [5]
The Reapportionment Act of 1929 (ch. 28, 46 Stat. 21, 2 U.S.C. § 2a), also known as the Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929, is a combined census and apportionment bill enacted on June 18, 1929, that establishes a permanent method for apportioning a constant 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives according to each census.
This apportionment method continued to be used until the 1830 census. After discarding the remainders, the average population of congressional districts was 34,436 persons. An earlier apportionment bill had been approved by the House in February 1792 and the Senate in March 1792, but was vetoed by the President on April 5, 1792. [1]