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Peter Bellwood received his BA and PhD from King's College, Cambridge, in 1966 and 1980 respectively.His areas of specialization include the human population history of Southeast Asia and the Pacific from archaeological, linguistic and biological perspectives; the worldwide origins of agriculture and resulting cultural, linguistic and biological developments; and the prehistory of human migration.
According to Solheim's NMTCN theory, this trade network, consisting of both Austronesian and non-Austronesian seafaring peoples, was responsible for the spread of cultural patterns throughout the Asia-Pacific region, not the simple migration proposed by the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis. [12]
Nusantao is an artificial term coined by Solheim, derived from the Austronesian root words nusa "island" and tao "man, people". [1] Solheim's theory is an alternative hypothesis to the spread of the Austronesian language family in Southeast Asia. It contrasts the more widely accepted Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis (OOT) by Peter Bellwood. [1] [2] [3]
The most widespread migration event was the Austronesian expansion, which began at around 5,500 BP (3500 BC) from coastal southern China via Taiwan. Due to their use of ocean-going outrigger boats and voyaging catamarans , [ a ] Austronesians rapidly colonized Island Southeast Asia , before spreading further into Micronesia , Melanesia ...
This gave rise to the Filipino mestizo or individuals of mixed Austronesian and Hispanic descent. [citation needed] There was migration of a military nature from Latin-America (Mexico and Peru) to the Philippines, composed of varying races (Amerindian, Mestizo and Criollo) as described by Stephanie J. Mawson in her book "Convicts or Conquistadores?
The 'Two Layer' Hypothesis, or immigration hypothesis, is an archaeological hypothese that suggests the human occupation of mainland Southeast Asia occurred over two distinct periods by two separate racial groups, hence the term 'layer'. [1]
The farming/language dispersal hypothesis [1] proposes that many of the largest language families in the world dispersed along with the expansion of agriculture.This hypothesis was proposed by archaeologists Peter Bellwood and Colin Renfrew.
The Austronesian migration, spanning over 3,000 years, was a slow and deliberate process due to prevailing headwinds. However, these winds weren't entirely unwelcome. Their double-hulled canoes, known as waʻa kaulua or vaʻa pahi , were impressive sailing vessels (according to oral tradition and archaeological evidence).