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Peter Bellwood received his BA and PhD from King's College, Cambridge, in 1966 and 1980 respectively.His areas of specialization include the human population history of Southeast Asia and the Pacific from archaeological, linguistic and biological perspectives; the worldwide origins of agriculture and resulting cultural, linguistic and biological developments; and the prehistory of human migration.
Nusantao is an artificial term coined by Solheim, derived from the Austronesian root words nusa "island" and tao "man, people". [1] Solheim's theory is an alternative hypothesis to the spread of the Austronesian language family in Southeast Asia. It contrasts the more widely accepted Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis (OOT) by Peter Bellwood. [1] [2] [3]
The most widespread migration event was the Austronesian expansion, which began at around 5,500 BP (3500 BC) from coastal southern China via Taiwan. Due to their use of ocean-going outrigger boats and voyaging catamarans , [ a ] Austronesians rapidly colonized Island Southeast Asia , before spreading further into Micronesia , Melanesia ...
According to the theory of a homeland in Levant, the distribution was expanded to Africa in conjunction with the spread of agriculture. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Terrazas Mata et al. (2013) have argued that the Proto-Afro-Asiatic speakers would have originated in the Middle East and subsequently migrated into the areas of North Africa, and the Horn of ...
According to Solheim's NMTCN theory, this trade network, consisting of both Austronesian and non-Austronesian seafaring peoples, was responsible for the spread of cultural patterns throughout the Asia-Pacific region, not the simple migration proposed by the Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis. [12]
The 'Two Layer' Hypothesis, or immigration hypothesis, is an archaeological hypothese that suggests the human occupation of mainland Southeast Asia occurred over two distinct periods by two separate racial groups, hence the term 'layer'. [1]
The Austronesian migration, spanning over 3,000 years, was a slow and deliberate process due to prevailing headwinds. However, these winds weren't entirely unwelcome. Their double-hulled canoes, known as waʻa kaulua or vaʻa pahi , were impressive sailing vessels (according to oral tradition and archaeological evidence).
Peter Bellwood includes Taiwan in his definition, [5] [b] as did Robert Blust, [c] whilst there are examples that do not. [d] The 16th-century term "East Indies" and the later 19th-century term "Malay Archipelago" are also used to refer to Maritime Southeast Asia.