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For a number of years, copper and glass were the only media used in computer networking. The term physical media can also be used to describe data storage media like records, cassettes, VHS, LaserDiscs, CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, especially when compared with modern streaming media or content that has been downloaded from the Internet onto a ...
The transmission media (often referred to in the literature as the physical medium) used to link devices to form a computer network include electrical cable, optical fiber, and free space. In the OSI model , the software to handle the media is defined at layers 1 and 2 — the physical layer and the data link layer.
A network's physical topology is a particular concern of the physical layer of the OSI model. Examples of network topologies are found in local area networks , a common computer network installation. Any given node in the LAN has one or more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links results in a geometric ...
The physical network topology can be directly represented in a network diagram, as it is simply the physical graph represented by the diagrams, with network nodes as vertices and connections as undirected or direct edges (depending on the type of connection). [3]
There are two main types of transmission media: guided media—waves are guided along a solid medium such as a transmission line; unguided media—transmission and reception are achieved by means of an antenna. One of the most common physical media used in networking is copper wire. Copper wire to carry signals to long distances using ...
These responsibilities encompass bit timing, signal encoding, interacting with the physical medium, and the properties of the cable, optical fiber, or wire itself. Common examples are specifications for Fast Ethernet , Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
In data communication, a physical network node may either be data communication equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub, bridge or switch; or data terminal equipment (DTE) such as a digital telephone handset, a printer or a host computer. If a network is a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), every LAN or WAN node that participates ...
In telecommunications and computer networks, a channel access method or multiple access method allows more than two terminals connected to the same transmission medium to transmit over it and to share its capacity. [1] Examples of shared physical media are wireless networks, bus networks, ring networks and point-to-point links operating in half ...