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A precancerous condition is a condition, tumor or lesion involving abnormal cells which are associated with an increased risk of developing into cancer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Clinically, precancerous conditions encompass a variety of abnormal tissues with an increased risk of developing into cancer.
Currently, a tissue diagnosis (from a biopsy) by a pathologist is essential for the proper classification of cancer and to guide the next step of treatment. On extremely rare instances when this is not possible, "empirical therapy" (without an exact diagnosis) may be considered, based on the available evidence (e.g. history, x-rays and scans.)
It is a precancerous lesion, a tissue alteration in which cancer is more likely to develop. [4] The chance of cancer formation depends on the type, with between 3–15% of localized leukoplakia and 70–100% of proliferative leukoplakia developing into squamous cell carcinoma. [4]
Dysplasia is the earliest form of precancerous lesion recognizable in a biopsy. Dysplasia can be low-grade or high-grade. High-grade dysplasia may also be referred to as carcinoma in situ. Invasive carcinoma, usually simply called cancer, has the potential to invade and spread to surrounding tissues and structures, and may eventually be lethal.
It works by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue, causing mitotic catastrophe resulting in the death of the cancer cells. [186] To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs, which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from multiple exposure angles to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger ...
These cellular abnormalities are not seen in benign tumors that rarely or never turn cancerous, but are seen in other pre-cancerous tissue abnormalities which do not form discrete masses, such as pre-cancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. [citation needed]
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Levels or presence of biomarker should readily distinguish between normal, cancerous, and precancerous tissue; Effective treatment of the cancer should change the level of the biomarker; Level of the biomarker should not change spontaneously or in response to other factors not related to the successful treatment of the cancer