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However, it is not known what olfactory disorders occur and if they are indeed a symptom of a depressive disorder. [5] It has been proposed that phantosmia may be an early sign of the neurodegenerative disease Parkinson's disease. [6] It may also be a sign of an intracranial hemorrhage [7] (brain tumours or epilepsy). [8]
In phantosmia, the peripheral theory refers to neurons emitting abnormal signals to the brain or the loss of inhibitory cells that are normally present in normal functioning. The central theory for phantosmia is described as an area of hyper-functioning brain cells that generate the order perception.
A muscle cell, also known as a myocyte, is a mature contractile cell in the muscle of an animal. [1] In humans and other vertebrates there are three types: skeletal , smooth , and cardiac (cardiomyocytes). [ 2 ]
Hypertonia is caused by upper motor neuron lesions which may result from injury, disease, or conditions that involve damage to the central nervous system. The lack of or decrease in upper motor neuron function leads to loss of inhibition with resultant hyperactivity of lower motor neurons .
The combination of an inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise with heavy or rapid breathing is known as an exaggerated cardiorespiratory response to exercise. [3] Due to the confusion between muscle fatigue and muscle weakness, there have been instances of abnormal muscle fatigue being described as exercise-induced muscle weakness.
The chronic stimulation of these antigens also causes stress inside the muscle cell in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and this ER stress may be enough to cause a self-sustaining T cell response (even after a virus has dissipated). In addition, this ER stress may cause the misfolding of protein.
Schematic overview of the classes of stresses in plants Neurohormonal response to stress. Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition. [1] When stressed by stimuli that alter an organism's environment, multiple systems respond across the body. [2]
True muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy. It occurs in neuromuscular junction disorders, such as myasthenia gravis. Muscle weakness can also be caused by low levels of potassium and other electrolytes within muscle cells. It can be temporary or ...