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In humans, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) forms closed circular molecules that contain 16,569 [4] [5] DNA base pairs, [6] with each such molecule normally containing a full set of the mitochondrial genes. Each human mitochondrion contains, on average, approximately 5 such mtDNA molecules, with the quantity ranging between 1 and 15. [ 6 ]
Mechanisms for this include simple dilution (an egg contains on average 200,000 mtDNA molecules, whereas a healthy human sperm has been reported to contain on average 5 molecules), [43] [44] degradation of sperm mtDNA in the male genital tract and in the fertilized egg; and, at least in a few organisms, failure of sperm mtDNA to enter the egg.
Each human cell contains approximately 100 mitochondria, giving a total number of mtDNA molecules per human cell of approximately 500. [35] However, the amount of mitochondria per cell also varies by cell type, and an egg cell can contain 100,000 mitochondria, corresponding to up to 1,500,000 copies of the mitochondrial genome (constituting up ...
In general, mitochondrial DNA lacks introns, as is the case in the human mitochondrial genome; [144] however, introns have been observed in some eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA, [146] such as that of yeast [147] and protists, [148] including Dictyostelium discoideum. [149] Between protein-coding regions, tRNAs are present.
Human mitochondrial DNA encodes 13 proteins of the respiratory chain, while most of the estimated 1,500 proteins and components targeted to mitochondria are nuclear-encoded. Defects in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are associated with hundreds of clinical disease phenotypes including anemia , dementia , hypertension , lymphoma ...
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was found in the malaria parasite. [48] There are two forms of extrachromosomal DNA found in the malaria parasites. One of these is 6-kb linear DNA and the second is 35-kb circular DNA. These DNA molecules have been researched as potential nucleotide target sites for antibiotics. [49]
Genes on human mitochondrial DNA. Pages in category "Human mitochondrial genes" The following 38 pages are in this category, out of 38 total.
A diagram showing mtDNA (circular) and mitochondrial ribosomes among other mitochondria structures. The mitochondrial ribosome, or mitoribosome, is a protein complex that is active in mitochondria and functions as a riboprotein for translating mitochondrial mRNAs encoded in mtDNA. The mitoribosome is attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane ...