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  2. Ones' complement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones'_complement

    The ones' complement of a binary number is the value obtained by inverting (flipping) all the bits in the binary representation of the number. The name "ones' complement" [1] refers to the fact that such an inverted value, if added to the original, would always produce an "all ones" number (the term "complement" refers to such pairs of mutually additive inverse numbers, here in respect to a ...

  3. Turing completeness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness

    In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a model of computation, a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said to be Turing-complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any Turing machine [1] [2] (devised by English mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing).

  4. Turing machine examples - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine_examples

    With regard to what actions the machine actually does, Turing (1936) [2] states the following: "This [example] table (and all succeeding tables of the same kind) is to be understood to mean that for a configuration described in the first two columns the operations in the third column are carried out successively, and the machine then goes over into the m-configuration in the final column."

  5. Turing machine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine

    An oracle machine or o-machine is a Turing a-machine that pauses its computation at state "o" while, to complete its calculation, it "awaits the decision" of "the oracle"—an entity unspecified by Turing "apart from saying that it cannot be a machine" (Turing (1939), The Undecidable, p. 166–168).

  6. Complement (complexity) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_(complexity)

    Here the domain of the complement is the set of all integers exceeding one. [3] There is a Turing reduction from every problem to its complement problem. [4] The complement operation is an involution, meaning it "undoes itself", or the complement of the complement is the original problem.

  7. Rule 110 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_110

    The final stage has exponential time overhead because the Turing machine's tape is encoded with a unary numeral system. Neary and Woods (2006) presented a different construction that replaces 2-tag systems with clockwise Turing machines and has polynomial overhead.

  8. Turing machine equivalents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine_equivalents

    Turing's a-machine model. Turing's a-machine (as he called it) was left-ended, right-end-infinite. He provided symbols əə to mark the left end. A finite number of tape symbols were permitted. The instructions (if a universal machine), and the "input" and "out" were written only on "F-squares", and markers were to appear on "E-squares".

  9. Universal Turing machine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine

    In computer science, a universal Turing machine (UTM) is a Turing machine capable of computing any computable sequence, [1] as described by Alan Turing in his seminal paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Common sense might say that a universal machine is impossible, but Turing proves that it is possible.