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2. Strength (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_(mathematical_logic)

   This mathematical logic -related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

3. Logical reasoning - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

   This support comes in degrees: strong arguments make the conclusion very likely, as is the case for well-researched issues in the empirical sciences. [ 1 ] [ 16 ] Some theorists give a very wide definition of logical reasoning that includes its role as a cognitive skill responsible for high-quality thinking.

4. List of undecidable problems - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_undecidable_problems

   For functions in certain classes, the problem of determining: whether two functions are equal, known as the zero-equivalence problem (see Richardson's theorem); [5] the zeroes of a function; whether the indefinite integral of a function is also in the class. [6] Of course, some subclasses of these problems are decidable.

5. Hilbert's second problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_second_problem

   In mathematics, Hilbert's second problem was posed by David Hilbert in 1900 as one of his 23 problems. It asks for a proof that arithmetic is consistent – free of any internal contradictions. Hilbert stated that the axioms he considered for arithmetic were the ones given in Hilbert (1900) , which include a second order completeness axiom.

6. Soundness - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness

   In logic and deductive reasoning, an argument is sound if it is both valid in form and has no false premises. [1] Soundness has a related meaning in mathematical logic, wherein a formal system of logic is sound if and only if every well-formed formula that can be proven in the system is logically valid with respect to the logical semantics of the system.

7. Logical form - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Form

   In logic, the logical form of a statement is a precisely-specified semantic version of that statement in a formal system.Informally, the logical form attempts to formalize a possibly ambiguous statement into a statement with a precise, unambiguous logical interpretation with respect to a formal system.