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Washback effect refers to the impact of testing on curriculum design, teaching practices, and learning behaviors. [1] The influences of testing can be found in the choices of learners and teachers: teachers may teach directly for specific test preparation, or learners might focus on specific aspects of language learning found in assessments.
For example, there have been increasing concerns about the negative effects of stereotype threats on MCAT, SAT, LSAT scores, etc. [15] One effort at mitigation of the negative consequences of stereotype threat involves rescaling standardized test scores to adjust for the adverse effects of stereotypes.
In the late nineteenth century, elite colleges and universities had their own entrance exams and they required candidates to travel to the school to take the tests. [10] To better organize matters, the College Board, a consortium of colleges in the northeastern United States, was formed in late 1899 to establish a nationally administered, uniform set of essay tests based on the curricula of ...
The study of these differences, especially within rural areas, is relatively new and distinct from the study of educational inequality which focuses on individuals within an educational system. Rural and inner-city students in the United States under-perform academically compared to their suburban peers.
A mathematical modelling study investigated the impact of school closures on COVID-19 dynamics in 74 countries. [146] It highlighted that the effect on infections, hospitalisations and deaths varied significantly by country. School closures were estimated to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infections, peak hospital occupancy, and deaths in most countries.
Courses: Many test preparation courses are designed to expose students to the breadth of topics tested on the relevant exam and guide them through the process of studying. Flashcards: Index cards imprinted with information used as a study aid to reinforce memory retention.
In a famous study of women's achievement in college science by Miyake et al., values affirmation was successful in reducing the differences between male and female academic achievement in college-level introductory physics classes, and it has been particularly effective at combating the psychological phenomenon known as stereotype threat.
Online learning, or virtual classes offered over the internet, is contrasted with traditional courses taken in a brick-and-mortar school building. It is a development in distance education that expanded in the 1990s with the spread of the commercial Internet and the World Wide Web .