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Environment and intelligence research investigates the impact of environment on intelligence. This is one of the most important factors in understanding human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability.
Health can affect intelligence in various ways. Conversely, intelligence can affect health.Health effects on intelligence have been described as being among the most important factors in the origins of human group differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability. [1]
Historically, psychologists have drawn a hard distinction between intelligence and personality, arguing that intelligence is a cognitive trait while personality is non-cognitive. However, modern psychologists argue that intelligence and personality are intertwined, noting that personality traits tend to be related to specific cognitive patterns.
A hierarchy of factors for human intelligence is used. g is at the top. Under it there are 10 broad abilities that in turn are subdivided into 70 narrow abilities. The broad abilities are: [91] Fluid intelligence (Gf): includes the broad ability to reason, form concepts, and solve problems using unfamiliar information or novel procedures.
[1] [2] Intelligence in the normal range is a polygenic trait, meaning that it is influenced by more than one gene, [3] [4] and in the case of intelligence at least 500 genes. [5] Further, explaining the similarity in IQ of closely related persons requires careful study because environmental factors may be correlated with genetic factors.
These caveats imply that there are other major factors influencing how intelligent an individual is apart from brain size. [1] In a large meta-analysis consisting of 88 studies Pietschnig et al. (2015) estimated the correlation between brain volume and intelligence to be about correlation coefficient of 0.24 which equates to 6% variance. [22]
Intelligence has been long-studied in humans, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of non-human animals. [5] Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial. [6] [7] [8] Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence.
There are a variety of disabilities affecting cognitive ability.This is a broad concept encompassing various intellectual or cognitive deficits, including intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation), deficits too mild to properly qualify as intellectual disability, various specific conditions (such as specific learning disability), and problems acquired later in life through ...