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  2. Fountas and Pinnell reading levels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountas_and_Pinnell...

    Small books containing a combination of text and illustrations are then provided to educators for each level. [3] While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils.

  3. Coleman–Liau index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman–Liau_index

    The Coleman–Liau index is a readability test designed by Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, and Automated Readability Index, its output approximates the U.S. grade level thought necessary to comprehend the text.

  4. Spache readability formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spache_Readability_Formula

    It works best on texts that are for children up to fourth grade. For older children, the Dale–Chall readability formula is more appropriate. It was introduced in 1953 in Spache's "A new readability formula for primary-grade reading materials," (The Elementary School Journal, 53, 410–413), and has subsequently been revised.

  5. Automated readability index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_readability_index

    The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text.

  6. Dale–Chall readability formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale–Chall_readability...

    The Dale–Chall readability formula is a readability test that provides a numeric gauge of the comprehension difficulty that readers come upon when reading a text. It uses a list of 3000 words that groups of fourth-grade American students could reliably understand, considering any word not on that list to be difficult.

  7. Flesch–Kincaid readability tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch–Kincaid...

    "The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...

  8. Fry readability formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry_readability_formula

    A rendition of the Fry graph. The Fry readability formula (or Fry readability graph) is a readability metric for English texts, developed by Edward Fry. [1]The grade reading level (or reading difficulty level) is calculated by the average number of sentences (y-axis) and syllables (x-axis) per hundred words.

  9. Readability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readability

    Readability is the ease with which a reader can understand a written text.The concept exists in both natural language and programming languages though in different forms. In natural language, the readability of text depends on its content (the complexity of its vocabulary and syntax) and its presentation (such as typographic aspects that affect legibility, like font size, line height ...

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