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Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
For example, on the sequence 1 ♣-1 ♠ (with or without opponent's interfering);1NT-2 ♣;2 ♦,2 ♥ will show an invitational hand with minimum five spades and four hearts, 2 ♠ an invitational hand with minimum five spades (in which case one does not have four hearts) or possibly six spades with or without four hearts. 2NT will show a balanced invitational hand, 3 ♣ typically an ...
For example, the characters in five-letter words each contain 2.3 bits of entropy, which would mean only a 35-character passphrase is necessary to achieve 80 bit strength. [ 5 ] If the words or components of a passphrase may be found in a language dictionary—especially one available as electronic input to a software program—the passphrase ...
Diceware is a method for creating passphrases, passwords, and other cryptographic variables using ordinary dice as a hardware random number generator. For each word in the passphrase, five rolls of a six-sided die are required. The numbers from 1 to 6 that come up in the rolls are assembled as a five-digit number, e.g. 43146. That number is ...
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2/1 game forcing (Two-over-one game forcing) is a bidding system in modern contract bridge structured around the following responses to a one-level opening bid: a non-jump response in a new suit at the one-level is constructive and forcing for one round, a non-jump response in a new suit at the two-level is forcing to game, and
For example, on the sequence 1 ♣-1 ♠ (with or without opponent's interfering);1NT-2 ♣;2 ♦,2 ♥ will show an invitational hand with minimum five spades and four hearts, 2 ♠ an invitational hand with minimum five spades (in which case one does not have four hearts) or possibly six spades with or without four hearts. 2NT will show a balanced invitational hand, 3 ♣ typically an ...
N W E S ♠ ♥ A ♥ Q J 10 ♦ — ♦ ♣ — ♣ — South to lead ♠ 4 ♥ 2 ♦ — ♣ A South needs all three remaining tricks in a notrump contract. South leads the squeeze card, the ♣ A, and West is squeezed in hearts and spades. If West discards the ♥ A, North's ♥ K becomes a winner. If West discards either spade, North's ♠ J becomes a winner. Note the following features of ...