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Animal welfare concerns about elephants in captivity stem from the uniqueness of elephants' social structure, biology, size, and spatial requirements. [7] In the wild, elephants sometimes walk 50 miles a day, [ 7 ] while the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) in the United States recommends a minimum of 5400 ft 2 (500 m 2 ) of space per ...
In one instance, between 2006 and 2013, the population in East Africa fell by 62% due to high poaching pressures. Tanzania (where 80% of the East African population reside) lost the most elephants, while the resident population in Somalia went locally extinct. South Sudan, on the other hand, experienced an increase in elephants.
Given an estimated global population of less than 500,000, it is believed that elephants are nearing extinction. Elephants are among the strongest in the animal kingdom and the second tallest ...
Analysis of nuclear DNA sequences indicates that the genetic divergence between African bush and forest elephants dates 2.6 – 5.6 million years ago. The African forest elephant was found to have a high degree of genetic diversity, likely reflecting periodic fragmentation of their habitat during the changes in the Pleistocene. [12]
This may be due to the fact that with proper treatment, captivity can provide refuge against diseases, competition with others of the same species and predators. Most notably, animals with shorter lifespans and faster growth rates benefit more from zoos than animals with higher longevities and slow growth rates. [2]
About half of the global zoo elephant population is kept in European zoos, where they have less than half (18.9 years) the median life span of conspecifics (41.6 years) in protected populations in range countries. This discrepancy is clearest in Asian elephants: infant mortality is more than two to three times that seen in Burmese timber camps ...
An illustration of the three idealized types of curve (logarithmic scale) A survivorship curve is a graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group (e.g. males or females).
In 2003, mitochondrial DNA analysis and microsatellite data indicated that the extant population is derived from Sundaic stock, but has undergone independent local evolution for some 300,000 years since a postulated Pleistocene colonization, and possibly became isolated from other Asian elephant populations when land bridges that linked Borneo ...