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Agouti-signaling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIP gene. [5] [6] It is responsible for the distribution of melanin pigment in mammals.[7] [8] Agouti interacts with the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine whether the melanocyte (pigment cell) produces phaeomelanin (a red to yellow pigment), or eumelanin (a brown to black pigment). [9]
An agouti dog, also called wolf sable. In dogs, the agouti gene is associated with various coat colors and patterns. [10]The alleles at the A locus are related to the production of agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) and determine whether an animal expresses an agouti appearance and, by controlling the distribution of pigment in individual hairs, what type of agouti.
AgRP is a paracrine signaling molecule made of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesized in the skin ...
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR), melanin-activating peptide receptor, or melanotropin receptor, is a G protein–coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormones known as the melanocortins, which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
These receptors are inhibited by endogenous inverse agonists agouti signalling peptide and agouti-related peptide, [7] and activated by synthetic (i.e. afamelanotide) and endogenous agonist melanocyte-stimulating hormones. [8]
The Agouti gene, with its dominant A allele and recessive a allele, controls the coding for agouti signaling protein (ASIP; ). The wild-type dominant A causes the banding and thus an overall lightening effect on the hair, while the recessive non-agouti or "hypermelanistic" allele a does not initiate this shift in the pigmentation pathway.
Two main signal transduction mechanisms have been identified, via nuclear receptors, or via transmembrane receptors. In the first one, first messenger cross through the cell membrane, binding and activating intracellular receptors localized at nucleus or cytosol, which then act as transcriptional factors regulating directly gene expression ...
Sequencing of the agouti signalling peptide in the agouti gene coding region revealed a 2-base pair deletion in black domestic cats. These variants were absent in melanistic individuals of Geoffroy's cat , oncilla , pampas cat and Asian golden cat , suggesting that melanism arose independently at least four times in the cat family.