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The don gratuit or "free gift" in English, was a voluntary contribution to royal finances paid by the First Estate (the clergy) under France's ancien regime. [1] [2] Since they were exempt from taxation such as taille, the First Estate was first requested to pay the don gratuit to fund the fight against the Huguenots under Henry IV and then from 1636 for the defence of the kingdom during the ...
Bribery is the corrupt solicitation, payment, or acceptance of a private favor (a bribe) in exchange for official action. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The purpose of a bribe is to influence the actions of the recipient, a person charge of an official duty, to act contrary to their duty and the known rules of honesty and integrity .
Le Petit Larousse Illustré, commonly known simply as Le Petit Larousse (French pronunciation: [lə pə.ti laʁus]), is a French-language encyclopedic dictionary published by Éditions Larousse. It first appeared in 1905 and was edited by Claude Augé , following Augé's Dictionnaire complet illustré (1889).
Éditions Larousse (French pronunciation: [edisjɔ̃ laʁus]) is a French publishing house specialising in reference works such as dictionaries. It was founded by Pierre Larousse and its best-known work is the Petit Larousse. It was acquired from private owners by Compagnie Européenne de Publication in 1984, then Havas in 1997.
The Nouveau Larousse illustré (French pronunciation: [nuvo laʁus ilystʁe], New Larousse Illustrated) was an illustrated French language encyclopedia published by Éditions Larousse between 1897 and 1904, in 7 volumes and a supplement.
Responding to Whyte's book, George Monbiot criticized the CPI for its narrow definition of corruption that surveys mostly only Western executives about bribery. [5] Similarly, others point out that "global metrics systematically under-measure 'corruption of the rich' - which tends to be legalized, institutionalized, and ambiguously unethical ...
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Following the work of Pierre Larousse on the Grand dictionnaire Universel, the Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse (French pronunciation: [ɡʁɑ̃ diksjɔnɛːʁ ɑ̃siklɔpedik laʁus]), a ten-volume dictionary, was published in Paris between 1982 and 1985 by Éditions Larousse. [1]