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Anthrax is spread by contact with the bacterium's spores, which often appear in infectious animal products. [10] Contact is by breathing or eating or through an area of broken skin. [10] It does not typically spread directly between people. [10] Risk factors include people who work with animals or animal products, and military personnel. [3]
The bacteria may live in the soil for decades, and result in outbreaks which usually occur after periods of drought followed by heavy rainfall. Anthrax can be transmitted between livestock ...
The symptoms in anthrax depend on the type of infection and can take anywhere from 1 day to more than 2 months to appear. All types of anthrax have the potential, if untreated, to spread throughout the body and cause severe illness and even death. [24] Four forms of human anthrax disease are recognized based on their portal of entry.
In September 2001, letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several news media offices and two U.S. Senators, killing five people and infecting 17 others. Of those infected, 11 developed cutaneous anthrax, while 11 developed inhalation anthrax. 20 of the 22 infected worked at a site where contaminated mail was handled or received. [7]
The powdered anthrax was able to disperse into the air without being detected and eventually inhaled. [1] [3] 43 people tested positive to anthrax exposure and 22 cases of anthrax illness were diagnosed, where 11 were inhalation anthrax and 11 were cutaneous anthrax. Five people from this group died.
Anthrax toxin is of the form A 2 B, where the two enzymes, EF and LF, are the A components and PA is the B component. PA is necessary for the enzymatic components to enter the cell. It does this by the formation of pores that span the cell membrane, allowing the entry of the toxin, though the mechanism is not fully understood. [3]
Anthrax vaccines are vaccines to prevent the livestock and human disease anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. [1]They have had a prominent place in the history of medicine, from Pasteur's pioneering 19th-century work with cattle (the first effective bacterial vaccine and the second effective vaccine ever) to the controversial late 20th century use of a modern product to protect ...
YouTube Live was a 2008 event streamed live on the Internet from San Francisco and Tokyo. It was launched November 22–23, 2008. It was hosted by a variety of YouTube celebrities, including The Black Eyed Peas rapper will.i.am, Tom Dickson of Will It Blend, Michael Buckley, The Happy Tree Friends, Fred, Smosh, Esmée Denters, Bo Burnham and singer Katy Perry among others. [1]