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Math anxiety manifests itself in a variety of ways, including physical, psychological, and behavioral symptoms, that can all disrupt a student's mathematical performance. [13] The strong negative correlation between high math anxiety and low achievement is often thought to be due to the impact of math anxiety on working memory.
As a result of this, students may develop much anxiety and frustration. After dealing with their anxiety for a long time, students can become averse to math and try to avoid it as much as possible, which may result in lower grades in math courses. Students with dyscalculia, however, can also do exceptionally well in writing, reading, and speaking.
A student's metacognitive beliefs play an important role in the maintenance of negative self-beliefs. [21] Anxiety reactions can be generalized from previous experiences to testing situations. [34] Feelings of inadequacy, helplessness, anticipations of punishment or loss of status and esteem manifest anxiety responses.
Some students studying math may develop an apprehension or fear about their performance in the subject. This is known as math anxiety or math phobia, and is considered the most prominent of the disorders impacting academic performance. Math anxiety can develop due to various factors such as parental and teacher attitudes, social stereotypes ...
Individuals use defensive pessimism as a strategy to prepare for anxiety-provoking events or performances. Defensive pessimists then think through specific negative events and setbacks that could adversely influence their goal pursuits. By envisioning possible negative outcomes, defensive pessimists can take action to avoid or prepare for them. [1]
The question is whether or not, for all problems for which an algorithm can verify a given solution quickly (that is, in polynomial time), an algorithm can also find that solution quickly. Since the former describes the class of problems termed NP, while the latter describes P, the question is equivalent to asking whether all problems in NP are ...
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The physiological reactions that are induced by stereotype threat can often be subconscious, and can distract and interrupt cognitive focus from the task. With regard to performance monitoring and vigilance, studies of brain activity have supported the idea that stereotype threat increases both of these processes.