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An embedded graph uniquely defines cyclic orders of edges incident to the same vertex. The set of all these cyclic orders is called a rotation system.Embeddings with the same rotation system are considered to be equivalent and the corresponding equivalence class of embeddings is called combinatorial embedding (as opposed to the term topological embedding, which refers to the previous ...
Cell-based models are mathematical models that represent biological cells as discrete entities. Within the field of computational biology they are often simply called agent-based models [1] of which they are a specific application and they are used for simulating the biomechanics of multicellular structures such as tissues. to study the influence of these behaviors on how tissues are organised ...
[3] [7] If every cycle basis of a graph is weakly fundamental, the same is true for every minor of the graph. Based on this property, the class of graphs (and multigraphs) for which every cycle basis is weakly fundamental can be characterized by five forbidden minors: the graph of the square pyramid, the multigraph formed by doubling all edges ...
The flow across the cells is determined based on μ(k) and λ(k), two monotonic functions that uniquely define the fundamental diagram as shown in Figure 1. The density of the cells is updated based on the conservation of inflows and outflows. Thus, the flow and density are derived as: Where: and represent density and flow in cell i at time t.
The concept of a combinatorial map was introduced informally by J. Edmonds for polyhedral surfaces [2] which are planar graphs.It was given its first definite formal expression under the name "Constellations" by A. Jacques [3] [4] but the concept was already extensively used under the name "rotation" by Gerhard Ringel [5] and J.W.T. Youngs in their famous solution of the Heawood map-coloring ...
A graph, containing vertices and connecting edges, is constructed from relevant input data. The vertices contain information required by the comparison heuristic, while the edges indicate connected 'neighbors'. An algorithm traverses the graph, labeling the vertices based on the connectivity and relative values of their neighbors.
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four main stages: G 1, during which a cell is metabolically active and continuously grows; S phase, during which DNA replication takes place; G 2, during which cell growth continues and the cell synthesizes various proteins in preparation for division; and the M phase, during which the duplicated ...
The eukaryotic cell cycle is very complex and is one of the most studied topics, since its misregulation leads to cancers. It is possibly a good example of a mathematical model as it deals with simple calculus but gives valid results. Two research groups [1] [2] have produced several models of the cell cycle simulating several organisms. They ...