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Julian [i] (Latin: Flavius Claudius Julianus; Ancient Greek: Ἰουλιανός Ioulianos; 331 – 26 June 363) was the Caesar of the West from 355 to 360 and Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
At the time of his declaration Julian was the only viable candidate for this position, at least within the ranks of the Constantinian dynasty. The various other males of the family had died out. [7] The marriage of Helena and Julian took place days after his proclamation. The marriage confirmed the alliance of Julian to her brother. [7]
Before he died, Julius Caesar had designated his great-nephew, Gaius Octavius (who would be named Augustus by the Roman Senate after becoming emperor), as his adopted son and heir. Octavius' mother, Atia , was the daughter of Caesar's sister, Julia Minor .
Upon becoming emperor, however, he added the Julian-affiliated cognomen Caesar to his full name. [citation needed] Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) was a great-great-grandson of Augustus and Livia through his mother, Agrippina the Younger. The younger Agrippina was a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, as well as ...
Julian portrayed Christians as apostates from Judaism, which the Emperor considered to be a very old and established religion that should be fully accepted. After Julian's death in battle in 363, the essay was anathematized, and even the text was lost. Julian's arguments are only known second-hand, through texts written by Christian authors.
Julian is a common male given name in the United States, Germany, Austria, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands (as Juliaan), France (as Julien), Italy (as Giuliano), Russia [Iulian (Yulian)] [2] Spain, Latin America (as Julián in Spanish and Juliano or Julião in Portuguese), Iulian in Romanian and elsewhere.
Julian was the first in centuries to bring to Europe valid information about Hungarians living in Magna Hungaria, which contributes much to research on Hungarian history. He was also the first European traveler to gather valid information on Asia , and his descriptions are of great importance from the geographical aspect, which gave essential ...