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In physics, an open quantum system is a quantum-mechanical system that interacts with an external quantum system, which is known as the environment or a bath.In general, these interactions significantly change the dynamics of the system and result in quantum dissipation, such that the information contained in the system is lost to its environment.
Quantum Trajectory Theory (QTT) is a formulation of quantum mechanics used for simulating open quantum systems, quantum dissipation and single quantum systems. [1] It was developed by Howard Carmichael in the early 1990s around the same time as the similar formulation, known as the quantum jump method or Monte Carlo wave function (MCWF) method, developed by Dalibard, Castin and Mølmer. [2]
In quantum mechanics, the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad equation (GKSL equation, named after Vittorio Gorini, Andrzej Kossakowski, George Sudarshan and Göran Lindblad), master equation in Lindblad form, quantum Liouvillian, or Lindbladian is one of the general forms of Markovian master equations describing open quantum systems.
Quantum thermodynamics: Emergence of Thermodynamic Behavior Within Composite Quantum Systems. 2nd edition, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-70509-3. Heinz-Peter Breuer, Francesco Petruccione (2007). The Theory of Open Quantum Systems. Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-921390-0.
In this approach, classicality is described as an emergent property induced in open quantum systems by their environments. Due to the interaction with the environment, the vast majority of states in the Hilbert space of a quantum open system become highly unstable due to entangling interaction with the environment, which in effect monitors ...
Extensions to driven-dissipative open quantum systems is given not only for bosonic systems, [4] but also for fermionic systems. [ 5 ] The Keldysh formalism provides a systematic way to study non-equilibrium systems, usually based on the two-point functions corresponding to excitations in the system.
Howard John Carmichael (born 17 January 1950) is a British-born New Zealand theoretical physicist specialising in quantum optics and the theory of open quantum systems. [1] [2] He is the Dan Walls Professor of Physics at the University of Auckland and a principal investigator of the Dodd-Walls Centre.
However, the quantum mechanical state of the system stays pure, thus such an approach can not describe dephasing unless a subsystem is chosen and the reduced density matrix of this open quantum system is analyzed. [5] Dephasing leads to quantum decoherence or information dissipation and is often important when describing open quantum systems ...