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The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of the Francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient power production in low-head applications which was not possible with Francis turbines. [2] The head ranges from 10 to 70 metres (33 to 230 ft) and the output ranges from 5 to 200 MW. Runner diameters are between 2 and 11 metres (6 ft 7 in and 36 ft 1 in).
Friction losses in a Kaplan turbine are less. The shaft of a Francis turbine is usually vertical (in many of the early machines it was horizontal), whereas in a Kaplan turbine it is always vertical. A Francis turbine's specific speed is medium (60–300 RPM); a Kaplan turbine's specific speed is high (300–1000 RPM).
Francis inlet scroll at the Grand Coulee Dam Side-view cutaway of a vertical Francis turbine. Here water enters horizontally in a spiral-shaped pipe (spiral case) wrapped around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner and exits vertically down through the center of the turbine. The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine.
65–97% for gas-fired heating; 80–89% for oil-fired and; 45–60% for coal-fired heating. [26] Oil storage tanks, especially underground storage tanks, can also impact the environment. Even if a building's heating system was converted from oil long ago, oil may still be impacting the environment by contaminating soil and groundwater.
The tangential water inflow of the mill race made the submerged horizontal wheel in the shaft turn like a true turbine. [1] A Francis turbine runner, rated at nearly one million hp (750 MW), being installed at the Grand Coulee Dam, United States. A propeller-type runner rated 28,000 hp (21 MW) The earliest known water turbines date to the Roman ...
Pumps - Pumps are another very popular turbomachine. Although there are very many different types of pumps, they all do the same thing. Pumps are used to move fluids around using some sort of mechanical power, from electric motors to full size diesel engines. Pumps have thousands of uses, and are the true basis to turbomachinery (Škorpík, 2017).
Kaplan turbine: This turbine is a propeller-type turbine which has adjustable blades to achieve efficiency over a wide range of heads and flows. The Kaplan can be used at low to medium heads (1.5–20 metres) and medium to high flows (3 m 3 /s–30 m 3 /s). For higher flows multiple turbines can be used.
An alternative to the traditional kaplan turbine is a large diameter, slow turning, permanent magnet, sloped open flow VLH turbine with efficiencies of 90%. [11] Water wheel : advanced hydraulic water wheels and hydraulic wheel-part reaction turbine can have hydraulic efficiencies of 67% and 85% respectively. Overshot water wheel maximum ...
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