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The N in H5N1 stands for "Neuraminidase", the protein depicted in this ribbon diagram. H5N1 is a subtype of Influenza A virus. Like all subtypes it is an enveloped negative-sense RNA virus, with a segmented genome. [37] Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in the viral envelope.
Between 2003 and December 2024, the World Health Organization has recorded 963 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 465 deaths. [10] The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1. [11] A/H5N1 influenza virus was first identified in farmed birds in southern China in 1996. [12]
Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in a human appears to be far worse, killing over 50% of humans reported infected with the virus, although it is unknown how many cases (with milder symptoms) go unreported. In one case, a boy with H5N1 experienced diarrhea followed rapidly by a coma without developing respiratory or flu-like symptoms. [41]
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the only species of the genus Alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. [1] It is a pathogen with strains that infect birds and some mammals, as well as causing seasonal flu in humans. [2]
A/Fujian (H5N1) bird flu is notable for its resistance to standard medical countermeasures and its rapid spread. This variant of the H5N1 virus also illustrates the continuing evolution of the H5N1 virus, and its emergence has caused political controversy. Diagram of influenza virus nomenclature
To date, most cases of H5N1 bird flu in people have been mild, involving conjunctivitis, or pink eye, and mild upper respiratory symptoms.
Diagram of influenza nomenclature. Influenza A viruses are further classified, based on the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA or H) and neuraminidase (NA or N). 18 HA subtypes (or serotypes) and 11 NA subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated in nature. Among these, the HA subtype 1-16 and NA subtype 1-9 are found in wild ...
The first confirmed case of the rare H5N9 bird flu has been reported in the U.S.. The virus was confirmed in a commercial duck farm in Merced County, California, according to the World ...